Seroepidemiological Survey of Chronic Chagas Disease in a Rural Community in Southern Bahia, Brazil, Using Recombinant Chimeric Antigens.

Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected tropical disease with life-threatening implications. In this study, we conducted a seroepidemiological survey to determine the prevalence and clinical profiles of CD in 217 individuals from an impoverished rural community in Southern Bahia, Brazil. The overall prevalence of CD in the studied community was 0.92%, detected through latent class analysis (LCA). Two individuals tested positive for anti-T. cruzi IgG, both being male farmers. One case was a 22-year-old man born in Camamu, with no evidence of congenital transmission, suggesting other routes of transmission such as vector-borne transmission due to migratory activities. The other case was a 69-year-old man born in São Felipe, who had lived in an adobe/brick house and had a pacemaker due to cardiac involvement caused by CD. The prevalence in this community was lower than expected, given the socioeconomic conditions and environmental factors that contribute to T. cruzi transmission. This could be attributed to the implementation of preventive measures and vector control programs by the Brazilian Government. However, continuous monitoring and surveillance are essential to sustain control efforts and detect any potential re-emergence of the disease. While the overall prevalence was low, the detection of positive cases underscores the need for continued surveillance and control measures in vulnerable populations, such as rural communities. Active surveillance, early diagnosis, and timely treatment are crucial in preventing disease progression and complications, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of screening and treatment programs.

Adherence to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Portuguese-Speaking Countries.

Strengthening strategies to improve adherence to the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in key populations constitutes a global health priority to be achieved across countries, especially in countries that share a high flow of people such as Brazil and Portugal. This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with adherence to PrEP among MSM from two Portuguese-speaking countries, highlighting the opportunities and preventive strategies for the global health scenario. This was a cross-sectional analytical online survey conducted from January 2020 to May 2021 with MSM in Brazil and Portugal. For analysis of the data, the Poisson regression model was used to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) for developing a model to evaluate the associated factors in both countries in a comparative and isolated way. Adherence to PrEP use corresponded to 19.5% (n = 1682) of the overall sample: 18.3% (n = 970) for Brazil and 21.5% (n = 712) for Portugal. Having more than two sex partners in the last 30 days (aPR: 30.87) and routinely undergoing HIV tests (aPR: 26.21) increased the use of this medication. Being an immigrant (PR: 1.36) and knowing the partner's serological status (PR: 1.28) increased adherence to PrEP in Portugal, whereas, in Brazil, it was being an immigrant (PR: 0.83) and not knowing the serological status (PR: 2.24) that promoted the use of this medication. Our findings reinforce the need to invest in programs and strategies to improve access and adherence to PrEP, especially in key populations.

Modulation of circulating cytokine production in alcoholic patients infected with Strongyloides stercoralis.

Strongyloidiasis control is associated with a Th2 immune response. However, alcohol ingestion plays an important role in modulating the immune system. The aim of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in alcoholic patients, the levels of circulating cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-15 and IL-17), and its correlation with modulation of parasitic load in alcoholic individuals infected with S. stercoralis. A total of 336 alcoholic patients, treated at the Alcoholic Care and Treatment Center were included in this study. The cytokine levels were measured by a commercial ELISA in 80 sera divided into four groups with 20 individuals each: alcoholics infected (ASs+) and not infected (ASs-) with S. stercoralis and non-alcoholics infected (NASs+) and not infected (NASs-) with the helminth. S. stercoralis frequency in alcoholic patients was 16.1% (54/336). The parasitic load varied from 1 to 546 larvae/g of faeces, median and interquartile range (IQR) of 9 and 1.0-62.5 larvae/g of faeces, while in non-alcoholic individuals the parasitic load was less than 10 larvae/g of faeces. Levels of circulating IL-4 were significantly higher in ASs+ when compared with NASs- group (p < .05). An inverse correlation between serum levels of IFN-γ and parasitic load in alcoholic patients infected with S. stercoralis was observed (r = -601; p < 0.01). These results suggest that modulation of IFN-γ production occurs in alcoholic individuals with high parasitic burden.

Determinants of sexual exposure to HIV in Portuguese and Brazilian adolescents: a path analysis. / Fatores determinantes da exposição sexual ao HIV em adolescentes luso-brasileiros: uma análise de caminhos.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the direct and indirect effects of determinants of sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus among male adolescents who have sex with men and the implications for nursing care. METHOD: cross-sectional study carried out with 578 Portuguese and Brazilian adolescents aged 18 and 19. Interrelationships of conjugal status, use of dating apps, practice of chemsex, unawareness, partner credibility, challenging sexual practices and ineffective forms of protection against sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus were evaluated using the Path Analysis technique. RESULTS: significant direct effect on sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus: conjugal status (ß=-0.16), use of apps (ß=-0.30), challenging sexual practices (ß=0.48) and ineffective forms of protection (ß=0.35). Indirect paths: partner credibility influenced ineffective forms of protection (ß=0.77); having a steady/polyamorous relationship influenced the use of dating apps (ß=-0.46); chemsex, mediated by challenging sexual practices (ß=0.67), determined greater sexual exposure. CONCLUSION: adolescent sexual behaviors and forms of amorous/sexual relationship must be considered in nursing care planning to reduce sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus.(1) Adolescents present high prevalence (81.0%) of sexual exposure to HIV. (2) Specificities of sexual practices are determinant factors of sexual exposure. (3) The higher the credibility given to a partner, the higher the sexual exposure to HIV. (4) Challenging sexual practices (such as fisting) determine sexual exposure. (5) Nursing care must focus on lowering exposure to HIV.

Influence of Sociodemographic and Emotional Factors on the Relationship between Self-Compassion and Perceived Stress among Men Residing in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The analysis of sociodemographic and emotional factors is essential to understanding how men perceive stress and practice self-compassion. In health crises, this problem becomes an emergency for public health. This study aimed to analyze the influence of sociodemographic and emotional factors on the relationship between self-compassion and the perceived stress of men residing in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a nationwide cross-sectional study carried out between June and December 2020 with 1006 men who completed a semi-structured electronic questionnaire. Data were collected using the snowball technique. Perceived stress was measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), and self-compassion was assessed using the Self-Compassion Scale. Most men had low self-compassion (51.5%; n = 516) and a moderate level of perceived stress (60.9%; n = 613), while 15.9% (n = 170) had a high level of stress. The prevalence of men in the combined situation of low self-compassion and high perceived stress was 39.4% (n = 334). Living with friends had a higher prevalence of low self-compassion and high perceived stress. The prevalence of common mental disorders was high (54.3%). Men with low levels of self-compassion reported higher levels of perceived stress; however, this association was moderated by emotional and sociodemographic variables. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual and contextual factors in public policies promoting men's mental health.

Factors Associated with Emotion Regulation in Men with Internet Access Living in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: to evaluate the factors associated with emotion regulation in men with internet access living in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: an epidemiological survey, conducted with 1015 men. An electronic form was applied containing sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, support and coping strategies, as well as emotional and behavioral aspects. Emotion regulation was assessed using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results: The prevalence values observed were 44.6% for Low Cognitive Reappraisal and of 47.1% for High Emotional Suppression. The following factors were identified as associated: (a) with Low Cognitive Reappraisal: being aged 30 years old or more, practicing physical activity, worrying about social distancing and having positive emotions and feelings; and (b) with High Emotional Suppression: being heterosexual, non-white race/skin color, having security support or public administration, not sanitizing food, worrying about lack of physical activity and not having negative emotions. Conclusion: the adoption of emotion regulation strategies was associated with individual, contextual and emotional/behavioral characteristics. Masculinity ideals seem to exert an influence on these relationships.

Ineffectiveness of TF-Test® and Coproplus® Methods in Strongyloides stercoralis Infection Diagnosis.

PURPOSE: S. stercoralis diagnosis is currently performed by parasitological methods, mainly by Baermann-Moraes (BM), although Agar Plate Culture (APC) presents a higher sensitivity. New techniques, such as TF-Test® and Coproplus® have been suggested as more practical alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of TF-Test® and Coproplus®, compared with APC, BM and Spontaneous Sedimentation (SS) methods. METHODS: One-hundred and forty male alcoholic patients, who provided three stools samples collected on alternate days, were included in this study. The most frequently found parasite was S. stercoralis, 20% (28/140), and the most sensitive method was APC, 96.4% (27/28), followed by BM, 89.3% (25/28) and SS, 57.1% (16/28). TF-Test® and Coproplus® presented a sensitivity of 46.4 (13/28) and 39.3% (11/28), respectively. In samples with a parasitic load of 1-10 larvae/g of feces, which occurred in 39.3% (11/28) of the infected patients, both the TF-Test® and Coproplus® methods demonstrated sensitivities of 18.2% (2/11), while APC and BM methods reached a sensitivity of 100% (11/11) (p < 0.05). For other intestinal helminth infections, TF-Test® and Coproplus® sensitivities were 22.2 (4/18) and 11.1% (2/18), respectively, this being lower than the SS, 66.7% (12/18) (p < 0.05). On the other hand, for protozoa infection diagnosis, TF-Test® and Coproplus® presented the highest sensitivities, 62.2 (46/74) and 43.2% (32/74), respectively. CONCLUSION: TF-Test® and Coproplus® methods presented the lowest sensitivities for S. stercoralis and other helminth infection diagnosis; therefore, they can be indicated for use in parasitological diagnosis, only when associated with other more effective methods of helminth identification.

Neuropsychomotor development and functional skills in preschool children with liver diseases / Desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e habilidades funcionais em pré-escolares com doenças hepáticas

Abstract Introduction Children with chronic liver diseases are exposed to biological and/or environmental risk factors that can compromise their neuromotor acquisition and development of functional skills. Objective To describe the neuropsychomotor development (NPMD) and functional skills of children with chronic liver diseases. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory study carried out with children up to 6 years old who were selected at a reference hospital in the state of Bahia, Brazil, from November 2019 to March 2020. Children in outpatient care with clinical, laboratory and histological diagnosis compatible with chronic liver disease were considered eligible. The instrument for assessing neuropsychomotor development was Denver II. Functional skills were obtained by applying the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory computer-adaptive test (PEDI-CAT) to parents or primary caregivers, Speedy version (Speedy-CAT). Results Of the 34 children with chronic liver disease, 52.9% were female, aged between 4 and 6 years (64%). The results of the Denver II test showed that 68.7% (22/32) of the sample were at risk for NPMD. In the PEDI-CAT, the scores of children with liver disease at risk for NPMD were 60.7 ± 9.1 in the daily activity domains, 57.6 ± 11.8 in mobility and 48.3 ± 6.2 in the social/cognitive domains. Conclusion Children with chronic liver disease are at risk for NPMD, although not presenting impaired functional skills when evaluated by the PEDI-CAT.

Resumo Introdução Crianças com doenças hepáticas crônicas são expostas a fatores de risco biológicos e/ou ambientais que podem comprometer suas aquisições neuromotoras e o desenvolvimento de suas habilidades funcionais. Objetivo Descrever o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM) e habilidades funcionais de crianças com doenças hepáticas crônicas. Métodos Estudo seccional, descritivo e exploratório realizado com crianças de até 6 anos, que foram selecionadas em um hospital de referência do estado da Bahia, Brasil, no período de novembro de 2019 a março de 2020. Foram consideradas elegíveis para o estudo crianças em atendimento ambulatorial, com diagnóstico clínico, laboratorial e histológico compatíveis com doença hepática crônica. O instrumento de avaliação do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor foi o Denver II. As habilidades funcionais foram obtidas pela aplicação do Inventário de Avaliação Pediátrica de Incapacidade Testagem Computadorizada Adaptativa (PEDI-CAT) aos pais ou cuidadores principais, versão rápida (Speedy-CAT). Resultados Das 34 crianças com hepatopatias crônicas, 52,9% eram do sexo feminino, com idade entre 4 e 6 anos (64%). Os resultados do teste de Denver II demonstraram que 68,7% (22/32) da amostra apresentaram risco para DNPM. No PEDI-CAT, os escores das crianças hepatopatas com risco para DNPM foram de 60,7 ± 9,1 nos domínios atividade diária, 57,6 ± 11,8 em mobilidade e 48,3 ± 6,2 em social/cognitivo. Conclusão Crianças com hepatopatias crônicas apresentam risco para DNPM, apesar de não possuírem comprometimento de suas habilidades funcionais quando avaliadas pelo PEDI-CAT.

Fatores determinantes da exposição sexual ao HIV em adolescentes luso-brasileiros: uma análise de caminhos* / Determinants of sexual exposure to HIV in Portuguese and Brazilian adolescents: a path analysis / Factores determinantes de la exposición sexual al VIH en adolescentes luso-brasileños: un análisis de rutas

Resumo Objetivo: analisar os efeitos diretos e indiretos de fatores determinantes da exposição sexual ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana entre adolescentes homens que fazem sexo com homens e as implicações para o cuidado em enfermagem. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 578 adolescentes de 18 a 19 anos luso-brasileiros. Avaliaram-se inter-relações de situação conjugal, uso de aplicativos de relacionamento, prática de chemsex, desinformação, credibilidade do parceiro, práticas sexuais desafiadoras e medidas protetivas pouco eficazes sobre a exposição sexual ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana, com a técnica de Análise de Caminhos. Resultados: apresentou efeito direto significante para exposição sexual ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana: situação conjugal (β=-0,16), uso de aplicativos (β=-0,30), práticas sexuais desafiadoras (β=0,48) e medidas protetivas pouco eficazes (β=0,35). Nos caminhos indiretos: credibilidade do parceiro influenciou medidas protetivas pouco eficazes (β=0,77); ter relacionamento fixo/poliamoroso influenciou o uso de aplicativos de relacionamento (β=-0,46); chemsex, mediado por práticas sexuais desafiadoras (β=0,67), determinou maior exposição sexual. Conclusão: comportamentos sexuais dos adolescentes e configurações do relacionamento amoroso/sexual precisam ser considerados no planejamento da assistência em enfermagem para diminuir a exposição sexual ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the direct and indirect effects of determinants of sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus among male adolescents who have sex with men and the implications for nursing care. Method: cross-sectional study carried out with 578 Portuguese and Brazilian adolescents aged 18 and 19. Interrelationships of conjugal status, use of dating apps, practice of chemsex, unawareness, partner credibility, challenging sexual practices and ineffective forms of protection against sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus were evaluated using the Path Analysis technique. Results: significant direct effect on sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus: conjugal status (β=-0.16), use of apps (β=-0.30), challenging sexual practices (β=0.48) and ineffective forms of protection (β=0.35). Indirect paths: partner credibility influenced ineffective forms of protection (β=0.77); having a steady/polyamorous relationship influenced the use of dating apps (β=-0.46); chemsex, mediated by challenging sexual practices (β=0.67), determined greater sexual exposure. Conclusion: adolescent sexual behaviors and forms of amorous/sexual relationship must be considered in nursing care planning to reduce sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar los efectos directos e indirectos de los factores determinantes de la exposición sexual al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana entre adolescentes hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y las implicaciones para el cuidado en enfermería. Método: estudio transversal, realizado con 578 adolescentes luso-brasileños de 18 a 19 años. Se evaluaron las interrelaciones del estado civil, uso de aplicaciones de relación, práctica de chemsex, desinformación, credibilidad de la pareja, prácticas sexuales desafiantes y medidas de protección ineficaces sobre la exposición sexual al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, a través de la técnica del Análisis de Rutas. Resultados: presentó un efecto directo significativo para la exposición sexual al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: estado civil (β=-0,16), uso de aplicaciones (β=-0,30), prácticas sexuales desafiantes (β=0,48) y medidas de protección ineficaces (β=0,35). En las rutas indirectas: la credibilidad de la pareja influyó en medidas de protección ineficaces (β=0,77); tener una relación fija/poliamorosa influyó en el uso de aplicaciones de relación (β=-0,46); el chemsex, mediado por prácticas sexuales desafiantes (β=0,67), determinó una mayor exposición sexual. Conclusión: se deben tener en cuenta las conductas sexuales de adolescentes y las configuraciones de una relación amorosa/sexual en la planificación de la asistencia de enfermería para reducir la exposición sexual al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

Perfil das internações de crianças por malformações congênitas do aparelho circulatório no Brasil de 2010 a 2020 / Profile of Children's hospitalization due to congenital malformations of the circulatory apparatus in Brazil from 2010 to 2020

Introdução: a malformação congênita do aparelho circulatório é definida como qualquer anormalidade na estrutura e/ou função do coração durante a fase do desenvolvimento embrionário, podendo interferir no fluxo sanguíneo. Suas manifestações ocorrem em qualquer fase do desenvolvimento. No Brasil, essa enfermidade representa a segunda principal causa de mortalidade em crianças menores de um ano, caracterizando-se um problema de saúde pública. Objetivo: descrever o perfil das internações de crianças por malformações congênitas do aparelho circulatório no Brasil, de 2010 a 2020. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo ecológico, realizado por meio de dados secundários, no período de 2010 a 2020. Analisaram-se as variáveis número de internações, sexo, região, raça/cor, faixa etária, custos hospitalares, óbito e taxa de mortalidade. As informações coletadas foram armazenadas e analisadas no software Microsoft Excel Office, versão de 365. Resultados: entre 2010 e 2020, foram notificadas 118.792 internações por essa comorbidades de crianças por malformação congênita do aparelho circulatório, sendo 51% do sexo masculino, com predomínio da cor branca (36%), tendo a região Sudeste apresentado o maior percentual de internações (43,5%). Observou-se maior ocorrência em crianças abaixo de um ano (62,7%), gerando um custo de 650 milhões de reais em serviços hospitalares. O maior percentual de internações ocorreu em 2019 (10,9%). Houve 10.477 óbitos entre 2010 e 2020 (8,8%), sendo 85,8% na população abaixo de um ano e 37,7% na região Sudeste. A taxa de mortalidade de crianças por essa comorbidade foi de 8,82/100 mil habitantes. Conclusão: observou-se que as malformações congênitas do aparelho circulatório, no período analisado, apresentaram uma distribuição homogênea em relação ao sexo, sendo mais frequentes na raça/cor branca, na região Sudeste e na faixa etária menor que um ano, gerando altos custos em serviços hospitalares.

Introduction: congenital malformation of the circulatory system is defined as any abnormality in the structure and/or function of the heart during the embryonic development phase, which may interfere with blood flow. Its manifestations can occur at any stage of development. In Brazil, it represents the second leading cause of mortality in children under one year of age, characterizing a public health problem. Objective: to describe the profile of hospitalizations of children due to congenital malformations of the circulatory system in Brazil, from 2010 to 2020. Method: this is an ecological study, using secondary data from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System, by the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System, from 2010 to 2020. The following variables were analyzed: number of admissions, sex, region, race/color, age group, hospital costs, death and mortality rate. From the information acquired by the TabNet tool, for purposes of processing and analyzing the information collected, data were stored and analyzed in Microsoft Excel Office software, version 365. Results: between 2010 and 2020, 118,792 hospitalizations were reported in children due to congenital malformation of the circulatory system, 51% of whom were male, with a predominance of whites (36%). Southeast region was the region with the highest percentage of hospitalizations (43.5%). A higher occurrence was observed in children under one year of age (62.7%), generating a cost of 650 million reais in hospital services. The highest percentage of hospitalizations was registered in the year 2019 (10.9%). There were 10,477 deaths between 2010 and 2020 (8.8%), being 85.8% in the population under one year of age and 37.7% in the Southeast region. The mortality rate of children due to this comorbidity was 8.82/100 thousand inhabitants. Conclusion: it was observed that the congenital malformations of the circulatory system, in the analyzed period, presented a homogeneous distribution in relation to sex, being more frequent in the white race/color, in the Southeast region and in the age group under one year, generating high costs in services hospitals.

Percepção das mães em relação ao desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de seus filhos com doenças hepáticas: um estudo qualitativo / Mothers' perception of the neuropsychomotor development of their children liver diseases: a qualitative study

INTRODUÇÃO: Muito se sabe sobre o quanto as doenças hepáticas impactam no desenvolvimento cognitivo, motor e social infantil. Entretanto, saber o que as mães pensam sobre o desenvolvimento de seus filhos e os aspectos que elas consideram mais importantes constituem temas pouco explorados. OBJETIVO: Investigar as percepções das mães de crianças hepatopatas acerca do desenvolvimento de seus filhos. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritivoexploratória, realizada com 12 mães de crianças (até 6 anos de idade) com hepatopatias crônicas, acompanhadas num centro de referência da Bahia. Realizou-se entrevista narrativa para coleta dos dados, que foram posteriormente transcritas e processadas conforme a análise de conteúdo temático categorial de Bardin. Foi comparado a percepção das mães acerca do desenvolvimento de seus filhos com os resultados obtidos na avaliação com o Teste de triagem de Denver II (TTDII) de suas crianças. RESULTADOS: Há concordância na maioria dos resultados da avaliação para suspeita ou risco do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, demonstrando que essas mães conseguem identificar comportamentos típicos e atípicos. As falas maternas são de superproteção e amenização do processo do adoecimento, bem como autoconfiança e superioridade como uma atitude de defesa, na tentativa de escamotear o sentimento de fragilidade frente a doença. CONCLUSÕES: A percepção das mães acerca do desenvolvimento de seus filhos foi convergente com os resultados do TTDII. As mães e as crianças precisam de acompanhamento multiprofissional para melhor manejo terapêutico e neurodesenvolvimento, bem como suporte familiar.

| INTRODUCTION: Much is known about the impact of liver diseases on children's cognitive, motor, and social development. However, knowing what mothers think about their children's development and the aspects they consider most important are issues that have been little explored. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perceptions of mothers of hepatopathy children about the development of their children. METHOD: This is a qualitative, descriptive-exploratory research conducted with 12 mothers of children (up to 6 years of age) with chronic liver diseases, followed by a reference center in Bahia, Brazil. A narrative interview was conducted to collect the data, later transcribed and processed according to Bardin's analysis of the category thematic content. The perception of mothers about the development of their children was compared with the results obtained in the evaluation with the Denver II screening test (TTDII) of their children. RESULTS: There is an agreement in most evaluation results for suspicion or risk of neuropsychomotor development, demonstrating that these mothers can identify typical and atypical behaviors. The maternal statements are of overprotection and softening of the disease process and self-confidence and superiority as an attitude of defense in an attempt to conceal the feeling of fragility in the face of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The mothers' perception of their children's development was in line with the TDDII results. Mothers and children need multi-professional follow-up for better therapeutic management and neurodevelopment, as well as family support.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DE-HOSPITALIZATION OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH COMPLEX CHRONIC CONDITION.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors associated with the de-hospitalization of children and adolescents with complex chronic condition. METHODS: This cross-sectional and retrospective study investigated a sample of children and adolescents admitted to the Dehospitalization Training Unit, from January 2012 to December 2017. Data were collected by consulting medical records and patient record books, from November 2018 to June 2019. The length of stay in the unit, de-hospitalization, readmissions, frequency and cause of death, age, sex, diagnosis, place of residence, number of caregivers and kinship, and use of devices were studied. The chi-square test was used to verify the association between the dependent variable (de-hospitalization) and the independent variables (age, sex, place of residence, use of devices, and clinical diagnosis). RESULTS: A total of 93 patient records were analyzed, 37.6% aged between 7 months and 2 years old, 58.1% boys, 95.7% used tracheostomy, 92.5% gastrostomy, and 71% invasive mechanical ventilation. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy was the diagnosis of 40.3% of the sample. Average hospitalization time was 288 ± 265 days; 60.2% were hospitalized between 31 days and one year, representing 50% of deaths. Of those de-hospitalized, 76.3% were discharged to the Ventilatory Assistance Homecare Program. De-hospitalization was associated with the child or adolescent's place of residence (p=0.027) and use of ventriculoperitoneal shunt (p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified that de-hospitalization may be associated with the place of residence of the child or adolescent, with the highest number of discharges to the state capital, and non-dehospitalization when using ventricular-peritoneal shunt.

Perfil epidemiológico das parasitoses intestinais em moradores de uma comunidade da Ilha de Boipeba, Bahia, Brasil / Epidemiological profile of intestinal parasites in residents of a community on the island of Boipeba, Bahia, Brazil

Introdução: as parasitoses intestinais constituem-se um importante problema de saúde pública mundial. Estas infecções são mais prevalentes em regiões tropicais impactando na morbimortalidade e aumento nos custos para o sistema de saúde. Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência das enteroparasitoses e sua associação com as condições socioeconômicas, sanitárias, ambientais e hábitos de vida em uma comunidade costeira do Nordeste brasileiro. Metodologia: estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e transversal, realizado de modo não probabilístico entre março a junho de 2017, com 105 moradores da Ilha de Boipeba, localizada no Sul da Bahia. O exame parasitológico de fezes foi realizado pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea, Baermann-Moraes e FAUST. Um questionário foi aplicado para avaliar o perfil sociodemográfico da população. Resultados: do total de indivíduos avaliados, 52,4% eram do sexo feminino e 57,1% tinham entre 15 a 59 anos. Todos os indivíduos possuíam água encanada, porém não tratada, enquanto 91,4% referiu ingerir vegetais crus e 45,7% não higienizavam as mãos antes as refeições. Sintomas gastrointestinais foram relatados em 82,8% dos indivíduos e infecções enteroparasitárias foram diagnosticadas em 69,6%. Os parasitos mais frequentemente encontrados foram Ancilostomídeo (18,1%) e Entamoeba coli (43,8%). O principal fator de risco potencial para contrair a infecção por ancilostomídeos foi a não existência de poço artesiano na residência (RP=4,35), enquanto para Trichuris trichiura foi não dispor de pia no banheiro (RP=3,82). Conclusão: a comunidade analisada apresentou elevada prevalência de enteroparasitoses. Os hábitos precários de higiene e de acesso à água tratada, associados às condições ambientais e climáticas do local, podem ter contribuído para a elevada transmissão de geohelmintos observada.

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections are an important public health problem worldwide. They are more prevalent in tropical regions impacting in morbidity and mortality and costs for the health system. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of enteroparasitosis and its association with socioeconomic, sanitary and environmental conditions and lifestyle habits in a coastal community in the Northeast Brazil. Methodology: This is an epidemiological, descriptive and cross-sectional study, carried out in a non-probabilistic manner between March and June 2017, with 105 residents of Boipeba Island in the Southern Bahia. The parasitological examination of feces was carried out by the methods of spontaneous sedimentation, Baermann-Moraes and FAUST. A questionnaire was applied to assess the sociodemographic profile of the population. Results: Of the total of individuals evaluated, 52.4% were female and 57.1% were between 15 and 59 years old. All individuals had piped, but untreated water, while 91.4% reported eating raw vegetables and 45.7% did not wash their hands before meals. Gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in 82.8% individuals and 69.6% were diagnosed with enteroparasitic infections. The most frequent parasites were the hookworm (18.1%) and Entamoeba coli (43.8%). The main potential risk factor for hookworm infection was the non-existence of an artesian well in the residence (PR=4.35) and Trichuris trichiura it was not having a sink in the toilet (PR=3.82). Conclusion: The analyzed community has a high prevalence of enteroparasitosis, in addition to environmental and climatic conditions that contribute to the transmission of these infections.

Nível de atividade física, qualidade do sono e de vida em pacientes com doença arterial periférica / Level of physical activity, quality of sleep and life in patients with peripheral arterial disease

Introdução: a Doença Arterial Periférica (DAP) decorre do estreitamento ou oclusão arterial, que interfere no aporte sanguíneo das extremidades inferiores. A DAP pode levar a um repouso prolongado, causando prejuízos à qualidade de vida e do sono dos pacientes, devido à dor e receio de lesão. Objetivo: descrever o nível de atividade física, a qualidade de vida e do sono em pacientes com DAP. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo observacional, epidemiológico e transversal, realizado no Hospital Geral de Camaçari-BA. Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico de DAP, ambos os sexos, com idade superior a 18 anos, internados no referido hospital. Foram excluídos os pacientes com distúrbios psiquiátricos e dificuldade de compreensão dos questionários. Para a avaliação do nível de atividade física foi utilizado o Questionário Internacional de Atividade física, para Qualidade de Vida o questionário Short Form Health Survey 36, para qualidade do sono Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh e para Claudicação Intermitente o Questionário de Edimburgo. Resultados: dos 27 pacientes analisados, 55,6% (15/27) eram do sexo feminino e 44,4% (12/27) masculino, 37% (10/27) de cor/raça preta. A média de idade foi de 62,6±8,3 anos, peso 71,8±16,2kg, altura 164,8±8,3cm e IMC 26,3±5. A maioria relatou ser ativo, 33,3% (9/27). Segundo a SF-36 o domínio mais limitante foi "dor" (28,6), o escore global do PSQI foi de 10,4 e a maioria (81,5%) não apresentava claudicação intermitente. Conclusão: a presença de DAP foi mais frequente nos idosos e foram identificados a presença de distúrbios do sono e diminuição da qualidade de vida.

Introduction: peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is due to narrowing or arterial occlusion, which interferes with the blood supply of the lower extremities. PAD can lead to prolonged rest, causing damage to the quality of life and sleep of patients, due to pain and fear of injury. Objective: to describe the level of physical activity, quality of life and sleep in patients with PAD. Methodology: this is an observational, epidemiological and cross-sectional study, carried out at the Hospital Geral de Camaçari-BA. Patients diagnosed with PAD, both sexes, aged over 18 years, admitted to the hospital were included. Patients with psychiatric disorders and difficulty in understanding the questionnaires were excluded. To assess the level of physical activity, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used, for Quality of Life the Short Form Health Survey 36 questionnaire, for sleep quality Sleep Quality Index of Pittsburgh and for Intermittent Claudication the Edinburgh Questionnaire. Results: of the 27 patients analyzed, 55.6% (15/27) were female and 44,4% (12/27) were male, 37% (10/27) were black / colored. The mean age was 62.6 ± 8.3 years, weight 71.8 ± 16.2 kg, height 164.8 ± 8.3 cm and BMI 26.3 ± 5. The majority reported being active, 33.3% (9/27). According to SF-36, the most limiting domain was "pain" (28.6), the global PSQI score was 10.4 and the majority (81.5%) did not have intermittent claudication. Conclusion: the presence of PAD was more frequent in the elderly and the presence of sleep disorders and decreased quality of life was identified.

Factors associated with de-hospitalization of children and adolescents with complex chronic condition / Fatores associados à desospitalização de crianças e adolescentes com condição crônica complexa

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the factors associated with the de-hospitalization of children and adolescents with complex chronic condition. Methods: This cross-sectional and retrospective study investigated a sample of children and adolescents admitted to the Dehospitalization Training Unit, from January 2012 to December 2017. Data were collected by consulting medical records and patient record books, from November 2018 to June 2019. The length of stay in the unit, de-hospitalization, readmissions, frequency and cause of death, age, sex, diagnosis, place of residence, number of caregivers and kinship, and use of devices were studied. The chi-square test was used to verify the association between the dependent variable (de-hospitalization) and the independent variables (age, sex, place of residence, use of devices, and clinical diagnosis). Results: A total of 93 patient records were analyzed, 37.6% aged between 7 months and 2 years old, 58.1% boys, 95.7% used tracheostomy, 92.5% gastrostomy, and 71% invasive mechanical ventilation. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy was the diagnosis of 40.3% of the sample. Average hospitalization time was 288 ± 265 days; 60.2% were hospitalized between 31 days and one year, representing 50% of deaths. Of those de-hospitalized, 76.3% were discharged to the Ventilatory Assistance Homecare Program. De-hospitalization was associated with the child or adolescent's place of residence (p=0.027) and use of ventriculoperitoneal shunt (p=0.021). Conclusions: This study identified that de-hospitalization may be associated with the place of residence of the child or adolescent, with the highest number of discharges to the state capital, and non-dehospitalization when using ventricular-peritoneal shunt.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores associados à desospitalização de crianças e adolescentes com condição crônica complexa. Métodos: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo, que investigou a população de crianças e adolescentes internados na Unidade de Treinamento para Desospitalização (UTD), de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2017. Os dados foram coletados por meio da consulta aos prontuários e livros de registros, de novembro de 2018 a junho de 2019. Foram estudados o período de internamento na UTD, a desospitalização, as reinternações, a frequência e causa dos óbitos, a idade, o sexo, o diagnóstico, o local de residência, o número de cuidadores e parentesco e o uso de dispositivos. Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para verificar a associação entre a variável dependente (desospitalização) e as variáveis independentes (idade, sexo, local de residência, uso de dispositivos e diagnóstico clínico). Resultados: O total de 93 prontuários de pacientes foi analisado, 37,6% tinham idade entre sete meses e dois anos, 58,1% eram meninos, 95,7% usavam traqueostomia, 92,5% gastrostomia e 71% ventilação mecânica invasiva. Encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica foi o diagnóstico de 40,3% da população. O tempo médio de hospitalização foi 288±265 dias; 60,2% ficaram internados entre 31 dias e um ano, representando 50% dos óbitos. Dos desospitalizados, 76,3% receberam alta para o Programa de Assistência Ventilatória Domiciliar (PAVD). A desospitalização foi associada ao local de procedência (p=0,027) e ao uso de derivação ventriculoperitoneal (DVP) (p=0,021). Conclusões: Identificou-se que a desospitalização esteve associada ao local de residência da criança ou adolescente e ao uso de DVP, sendo o maior número de altas para a capital do estado.

Enteroparasitoses e aspectos socioeconômicos em pacientes alcoolistas / Intestinal parasites and socioeconomic aspects of alcoholic patients

Introdução: as enteroparasitoses constituem um problema de saúde pública que atinge as populações mais vulneráveis. O alcoolismo é um problema que afeta milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, apresenta efeitos nocivos à saúde dos indivíduos e predispõe à infecção por S. stercoralis e às formas mais graves da estrongiloidíase. Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência da infecção das enteroparasitoses, bem como fatores socioeconômicos e sanitários de pacientes alcoolistas atendidos em um centro de tratamento especializado em Salvador, Bahia. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes alcoolistas (n=277), do sexo masculino, atendidos em um centro de tratamento entre julho de 2014 e junho de 2017. O estudo foi realizado através da aplicação de um questionário estruturado para obtenção de dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e sanitários, sendo solicitadas, ainda, pelo menos duas amostras de fezes em dias alternados. O diagnóstico parasitológico foi realizado pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea, Baermann-Moraes e cultura em placa de ágar. Resultados: a média de idade dos pacientes inclusos foi de 44,8 ± 9,5 anos. Verificouse que 35,7% dos pacientes estavam infectados com algum enteroparasito e, desses, 30,3% eram monoparasitados. Os parasitos mais frequentes foram S. stercoralis, Endolimax nana e ancilostomídeos, correspondendo 16,6%, 11,2% e 5,8%, respectivamente. Conclusão: dessa forma, S. stercoralis foi o parasito mais frequente, e a associação entre a infecção por esse parasito e o alcoolismo pode levar à estrongiloidíase grave. A elevada frequência de enteroparasitoses nesses pacientes, principalmente por protozoários, deve-se à ausência de higiene pessoal, pois esses indivíduos são suscetíveis à infecção oral fecal. A implementação de medidas de saneamento básico e de campanhas de conscientização para prevenção de infecções parasitárias é imprescindível para a saúde das populações mais vulneráveis.

Introduction: intestinal parasitoses are a public health issue that notably affects vulnerable populations. Alcoholism is a problem that affects millions worldwide by causing damaging effects to the health of individuals as it predisposes them to that infection through stercralisàs and more evolved forms of strongyloidiasis. Objective: evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections as well as socioeconomic and sanitation factors in a population of alcoholic patients at a specialized treatment facility in Salvador, Bahia. Methodology: this cross-sectional study was carried out with male alcoholic patients (n=277) at a treatment facility from July/2014 to June/2017. The research data were collected through a structured questionnaire aimed to obtain socioeconomic, demographic and sanitation information. Stool tests were ordered in alternate days. The parasitological diagnosis was based on methods of spontaneous sedimentation, Baermann-Moraes and Agar plate growth medium. Results: the patients' average age was 44,8 ± 9,5 years. A total of 35% of the patients was infected with a type of enteroparasite, of whom 30,3% was mono-infected. The most commonly found parasites were S. stercoralis, Endolimax nana and hookworm, corresponding to 16,6%, 11,2% e 5,8%, respectively. Conclusion: as such, S. Stercoralis was the most frequent parasite in this population and the association between the infection by this parasite and alcoholism may lead to severe strongyloidiasis. The high rates of enteroparasitism in those patients, particularly protozoa, are due to the lack of adequate personal hygiene, given those individuals are prone to acquire infections transmitted through the oral fecal route. An implementation of public health sanitation measures and the launch of public awareness campaigns in order to prevent parasite infections are vital to the health of vulnerable populations.

Case Report: Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfection in a Patient with HTLV-1: An Infection with Filariform and Rhabditiform Larvae, Eggs, and Free-Living Adult Females Output.

Strongyloides stercoralis is the main etiological agent of human strongyloidiasis. Severe strongyloidiasis is commonly associated to alcoholism, corticostereoid use, and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) coinfection. Herein, we report a case of a 13-year-old boy coinfected with S. stercoralis and HTLV-1, excreting several parasitic forms in the stool. The parasitological examination of his feces showed a large amount of filariform (about 3,000 larvae per gram of feces) and rhabditiform larvae (about 2,000 larvae per gram of feces). In addition, free-living adult females (about 50 parasites per gram of feces) and eggs (about 60 eggs per gram of feces) were detected. The main laboratory findings pointed to high immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels (228 UI/mL) and eosinophila (11.6%). The patient was treated with three courses of ivermectin (200 µg/kg twice, 2 weeks apart), achieving the parasitological cure. An increase of about 19 times in interleucin (IL)-17 level was observed following the parasitological cure, in addition to a decrease in the white blood cell, eosinophil counts, and IgE levels. This is the first case report, to our knowledge, in which an S. stercoralis adult free-living female was described in human feces and where an increase in IL-17 levels after Strongyloides treatment in a HTLV-1 coinfected individual was observed. This finding raises the need for further studies about IL-17 immunomodulation in S. stercoralis and HTLV-1 coinfected patients.